清-朝鮮時期漢·滿·韓文字對音之互通—— 以≪漢淸文鑑≫滿文的韓文表記法為例

Orthography Transferring of Manchu Script into Korean Alphabet During Qing/Joseon Dynasty

In Qing/Joseon Dynasty, there were some Cheong-hak-seo(清學書, Manchuria literature) written in both Korean and Manchu Script. The most important characteristic of Korean language’s materials hold Sa-yeok-weon (司譯院, the department of translation in Joseon & Goryeo Dynasty) and Yeok-hak-seo (譯學書, the literatures of translation) is considered as the foreign notational system. Not only the phonetic value written in Korean alphabet is different from each Yeok-hak-seo, but also the notational system. The most typical representative of it is “han-cheong-mun-gam (漢清文鑒)”. There are some characteristics of notational system written in Manchu Script for Cheong-hak-seo: the notational system may be different according to the references. When we have to indicate a language by another language’s writing system, it could be classified into transliteration and transcription. It depends on how much they put emphasis on the shape of represented characters. Transliteration can be divided into two kinds: emphasis on pronunciation or neglect of pronunciation. however, transcription only puts emphasis on the pronunciation and ignores the shape. The goal of our research is to conclude the characteristics of Korean notation system of “han-cheong-mun-gam”, as the representative of the Yeok-hak-seo, in Joseon Dynasty and introduce the unusual Korean notation system and diacritic marks. Based on the standard of transliteration and transcription, we can discover the core emphasis of “han-cheong-mun-gam”. We also discuss Manchu language in two writing system: Manchu Script and Chinese characters in order to find out the characteristics of Manchu notational system and Korean notational system.

中國清朝、也即韓國朝鮮朝中後期，中韓兩國在各方面往來甚密。這一點在語言文字的交流上也可以體現。司譯院，起源於高麗朝，興盛於朝鮮朝，是負責朝鮮外事翻譯和外國語教育的國家機關。司譯院中設有四學，分別是負責漢語翻譯與教學的漢學、負責蒙語的蒙學、負責日語的倭學和負責滿語的清學。同時也擔當了這些語言文字互通的重要角色。 漢滿韓對音書籍甚多，其中保存最完整、體系最完善、種類最豐富、詞例量最大、最具有代表性的當屬≪漢淸文鑑≫。本文將以此為切入點，對這些滿文的韓文表記一一考察，尤其對這些特殊的韓文字所表記的音價及其原理做深入研究。這些特殊韓文的音價，因其所表之音為被表滿文之音，故可通過被表滿文的音價來被推定。而滿文所代表之音，如前所述，未必均為滿語之音，也有表記漢語的滿文之音。爲了明確這些特殊韓文的音價，首先需確定被表滿文的音價。為盡翔實，本文將“漢語-滿文”與“滿語-滿文”分為兩部份分別論述。