制约“V单＋ A单+了”述补结构带宾语的要素分析

The factor analysis of which restricts “Verb (monosyllabic)+Adjective (monosyllabic)+了 ” predicate-complement structure with object

This thesis analyses the phenomenon of predicate-complement structure that is specific to “Verb (monosyllabic)+Adjective (monosyllabic)+了”.This kind of predicate-complement structure is not symmetric, but the previous studies do not point out the reason s of such symmetry phenomenon. The adjectives which are researched in this article are limited to the 120 monosyllable adjectives in The Outline of HSK. According to the analysis results, there are 112 adjectives that can be used as the result complement, and 8 adjectives that can not be used as the complement; 63 adjectives that can act as the complement of the predicate-complement structure which can carry with the object, and 49 adjectives that can not act as the complement of the predicate-complement structure which can carry with object. By breaking down the predicate - complement structure, we can make the conclusion that the predicate-complement structure with object is constrained by the transitivity of verb, the semantic orientation of complement and the thematic role. 1) The transitivity of Verb: Relatively speaking, the predicate-complement structure formed by the verb with semantic dispose can carry with the object, otherwise it can not carry with the object. 2） The Semantic Orientation of Complement: When the semantic orientation points to the object or the predicate, the predicate-complement structure can carry with the object. When the semantic orientation points to the subject, the predicate-complement structure , except the idiomatic one, can not carry with the object. When the orientation is an object, the object can be the upper category noun or the subordinate category noun, while the object must be the upper category noun if the semantic orientation is a subject or predicate. 3) Semantic Role: According to the generative grammar, the nominal element related to the verb can act as a thematic role and only can include one thematic role. The theme can act as a subject or an object, but the experiencer can only be the subject of the verb and can not act as the object. Besides, the thematic element in its structure must have a relative position., as the “salty” in “food is salty” and “crooked” in “the box is crooked” in the second example, they express an unsatisfied result, which is caused by someone or some conditions - it’s someone or some conditions that cause the food become salty and the box become crooked. Therefore, instead of the theme, the “food” and “box” are the experiencer and must transfer the position from object to subject. These sentences belong to the implicit causative construction, and if they are the real words instead of the zero forms, they can each be changed into “He makes the food salty” or “He makes the box crooked”.

本文针对“V单+A单+了”形式的述补结构带宾语的现象进行了分析。此类述补结构带宾语的现象是不对称的，然而先行研究没指出出现这种非对称现象的原因。 单音节形容词充当结果补语时，其述补结构有时可以带宾语，有时却不可以带宾语；如： （1）a. 做[好]了菜 b. 放[平]了箱子 （２)a. * 做[咸]了菜 → 菜做[咸]了 b. * 放[歪]了箱子 → 箱子放[歪]了 如上，同样的动词，同样的结构，可是由此组成的述补结构带宾语的情况却如此不对称，这给把汉语作为非母语的初中级学习者带来一定的困惑。 马真·陆俭明（1997） 认为带宾语的情况与述补结构的语法意义有关，当表示预期结果的偏离时，不能带宾语。但是没有解释为什么具有预期结果的偏离时不能带宾语。 本文所研究的形容词限于《新汉语水平考试大纲》所收的120个单音节形容词。逐个分析的结果，可以做结果补语的有112个；63个形容词可以充当能带宾语的述补结构的补语；49个形容词不能充当能带宾语的述补结构的补语；8个形容词不能充当补语。逐个分析述补结构的结果，发现述补结构带宾语受动词的及物性、补语的语义指向以及题元角色的制约。 1) 动词的及物性：相对来说，具有处置语义的动词组成的述补结构可以带宾语，而没有处置语义的动词组成的述补结构不可以带宾语。 2）补语的语义指向：指向主语时，已经熟语化的述宾结构之外，其他均不能带宾语。指向宾语或谓语时可以带宾语。当指向为宾语时，宾语可以是上位范畴名词，也可以是下位范畴名词，但语义指向为主语或谓语时只能用上位范畴名词。 3) 语义角色：根据生成语法，与动词有关的名词性成分充当一个题元角色，而且只能含有一个题元角色，客事能充当主语或宾语，而历事只能充当动词的主语，不能充当宾语。题元成分在结构上跟动词必须有一定的相对位置。如例(2），“菜做咸了”、“箱子放歪了”的 “咸，歪”表示不如意结果，是某人或由于某种原因致使“菜咸、箱子歪”。因此“菜、箱子”不是客事而是历事，因此不能置于宾语的位置，只能移位到主语的位置上。这些句子属于隐性的使动结构，假如它不是零形式，而是一个实实在在的词，可以变换成“他使(把)菜做咸了、他使(把)箱子放歪了”。