述补宾结构在上古汉语时期的动态发展特征

The Dynamic Development Characteristics of the Verb-Complement-Object Structure in Ancient Chinese Period

The development and evolution from the Descriptive Structure to the Serial Verb Construction reflects the dynamic and developing of the Verb-Complement-Object Structure in Ancient Chinese period. The developing process contains the development of semantic relation, syntax structure and pragmatic function. From the semantic, each motion expressing the “action” and the “result” is respectively located in different clauses. The “action-result” semantic relation between V1 and V2 is very weak because of the influence from the form. But the motions expressing the “behavior” and the “result” in the Serial Verb Construction are located in the adjacent positions of the same clause, so the semantic relation is closer. From the syntax, the Descriptive Structure connects two clauses expressing the “action” and the “result” through the “action-result” semantic relation, two of the clauses are separated by a comma, and various of insert components can appear between the two clauses. The Serial Verb Construction is composed of “action” and “result” with relatively near syntactic position. If the object is considered, there will have three combination forms, V1V2O, V1OV2 and V1V2. From the pragmatic, the Descriptive Structure focuses on stating an event, the structural focuses are located in each clause. The Serial Verb Construction focuses on explaining the result, commonly the structural focus is V1, the expression focus is V2. The pragmatic development from the Descriptive Structure to the Serial Verb Construction embodies the order recombination of the new and old information, the changes of the expression focus etc.

从叙述型结构到连谓结构的发展演变体现了述补宾结构在上古汉语时期的动态性、发展性，这一发展演变过程包括语义关系、句法结构和语用功能的发展三个方面。 语义上，叙述型结构中表“行为”和表“结果”的两个动作分别位于前后两个分句中，V1和V2之间的“行为-结果”语义关联受远距离形式的影响相对较弱；连谓结构中表“行为”和表“结果”的两个动作处于同一句子的两个相邻位置上，随着句法位置的日趋稳定，语义关系也越来越紧密。句法上，叙述型结构通过“行为-结果”语义关系连接表动作和表结果的两个分句，中间用逗号隔开，分句之间可以出现各种插入成分，而且分句的内部句子成分，尤其是S和O关系不同，所形成的叙述型结构也不同；连谓结构由句法位置相对较近的“行为”和“结果”组成，考虑宾语，可以有V1V2O、V1OV2、V1V2三种组合形式。语用上，叙述型结构重在陈述事件，语气相对平缓，结构重心分别位于前后两个分句中；连谓结构重在说明动作以及阐述由该动作所引起的结果或新的状态，结构重心是V1，表达重心和焦点主要集中在V2(O)上。从叙述型结构到连谓结构的语用发展体现为新旧信息排列顺序的重组，表达重心的改变以及焦点的明确化。 从叙述型结构到连谓结构的语义、句法、语用的发展鲜明地体现了述补宾结构在上古汉语时期的存在要求及发展趋势。