중국어 대동사 ‘弄’의 의미기능 연구 - 대동사 ‘搞’와의 비교를 중심으로

A Study on Semantic functions of Chinese Pro-verb 'nong'

‘弄’은 구체적인 설명이 필요 없거나 곤란한 경우에 쓰는 경우, 같은 동사를 여러 번 써야 할 때 반복을 피해서 사용하는 경우, 말하기 껄끄러운 것, 떳떳치 못한 행위를 표현할 때 쓰는 경우, 한마디로 다 표현할 수 없는 복합적인 동작을 표현할 때 사용하는 경우에 모두 사용된다는 점에서 중국어 대동사 ‘搞’와 동일한 대동사 역할을 수행하고 있음을 파악할 수 있다. 그러나 비슷한 기능을 하는 대동사 ‘搞’와의 차이는 틀이론을 통해 설명할 수 있었는데, 주로 활동과 동작을 강조하는 ‘搞’와 달리 대동사 ‘弄’이 사용된 문장에서 의미 중심은 동작의 결과 상태에 있다. 이로 인해 대동사 弄은 결과보어와 자주 결합해서 사용되며 동작 결과의 상태를 강조해서 나타내는 문장구조인 把구문에도 자주 사용된다.

Originally meaning ‘to play with jade(玉) by hands’, ‘nong(弄)’ started to function as pro-verbs such as ‘do’ in English or ‘~ha-da’ in Korean, since the Yuan-Ming era. Expansion in the semantic function of ‘nong’ to pro-verb usage was enabled as grammaticalization mechanisms were applied, including generalization and metaphor. In addition, ‘nong’ is often used in contemporary Chinese as a component that forms syllabification of Chinese words into two parts. When ‘nong’ is combined with a noun, it becomes a single lexicon that produces numerous vocabularies in the structure of ‘nong+X’. ‘nong’ also generates multiple words in the form of ‘X+nong’, where ‘nong’ materializes the meaning of action or gives friendlier nuance of colloquialism, through combination with its verbal component, X. Meanwhile, ‘nong’ was found to serve same pro-verb function as the Chinese pro-verb ‘gao(搞)’, by that it is used in all situations including, in cases where detailed explanation is either needless or difficult, in cases where repetition is avoided when multiple usage of identical verbs is inevitable, in cases of mentioning uncomfortable subjects or actions with bad conscience, or in cases when complicated movements that cannot be shown in a single word need to be described. However, ‘nong’ differs with ‘gao’, which functions similarly as a pro-verb, can be explained with the Frame Theory; compared to how activities and motions are emphasized in ‘gao’, consequence status of motions is the semantic center of sentences that use ‘nong’ pro-verb. As a result, pro-verb ‘nong’ often unites with resultant complements, thereby is frequently used in ‘ba(把)’ -construction that stresses the status of the result.