중국어 대칭구문의 의미구조 연구 - 구문 교체 양상을 중심으로

The study on semantic structure of the Chinese Symmetric Constructions : Focusing on alternation construction

This study examines symmetric constructions in Chinese from a perspective of alternation constructions, dividing them into three types. This research investigates their correlations and differences by analyzing the semantic structure of verbs and constructions, which belong to each type of alternation constructions. This paper can be summarized as follows: First, a symmetric construction [NP1 和 NP2 V] can be replaced by [NP2 和 NP1 V] without any changes of meaning. In the case that the word order of the two arguments NP1 and NP2 does not change the meaning, these verbs possess the semantic feature of either ‘static’ or ‘non-volitional’. Secondly, a symmetric construction [NP1 和 NP2 V] can or cannot be realized into [NP2 和 NP1 V] with no semantic change. The use of adjunct makes it possible to be [NP2 和 NP1 adv V] with the meaning of ‘aggregates’. On the other hand, a construction of [NP1 adv 和 NP2 V], where adjunct intervenes between NP1 and NP2, cannot be used as [NP2 和 NP1 V] with the meaning of ‘individuals’. Thirdly, a construction [NP1 和 NP2 V] can be used as a transitive verb construction [NP V NP]. In this case, a symmetric construction [NP1 和 NP2 V] can be used as [NP1 V NP2] and [NP2 V NP1] or only [NP1 V NP2] according to the semantic feature. Verbs indicating ‘contact’ or ‘static’ belong to the former, whereas verbs indicating ‘separate’ or ‘connect’ belong to the latter. And a symmetric construction of [NP1 和 NP2 V] and a transitive verb construction of [NP V NP] have different lexical semantic structures without consideration of morphological characteristics.

本文借用Jackendoff(1990)的概念语义理论对汉语对称句以及对称动词的语义进行了分析。本文根据汉语对称句与其他句型的互换使用现象将汉语对称句分为三类，并得出以下三点结论。第一，由具备‘状态’语义特征的‘相等、相悖’等动词或者‘非意志性’语义特征的‘见面、吵架’等动词所引出的对称句可以在不发生语义变化的前提下进行[NP1 和 NP2 V]句型与[NP2 和 NP1 V]句型之间的互换。第二，‘打架、离婚、争’等动词所引出的对称句在没有副词修饰的前提下可以进行[NP1 和 NP2 V]句型与[NP2 和 NP1 V]句型之间的互换，但当这些动词与副词同时出现时则另当别论。[NP1 和 NP2 adv V]对称句内含‘集体性’语义特征，因此此类对称句的两个名词位置可以进行互换；[NP1 adv 和 NP2 V]对称句则内含‘个体性’语义特征，因此此类对称句的两个名词位置不能进行互换。第三，一部分对称动词所引出的[NP1 和 NP2 V]对称句可以转换成[NP V NP]及物动词句，其中由具备‘接触’语义特征的‘认识、遇见、邂逅’等动词或者具备‘状态’语义特征的‘像、适合、邻近’等动词所引出的对称句可转换成[NP1 V NP2]或者[NP2 V NP1]两种及物动词句，而由具备‘离别’语义特征的‘告别、诀别、永别’等动词或者具备‘联结’语义特征的‘串通、联络、合并’等动词所引出的对称句只能转换成[NP1 V NP2]及物动词句而不能转换成[NP2 V NP1]及物动词句。另外，出现在对称句的动词和出现在及物动词句的动词虽然形态一样，但应看成两个具备不同词汇语义结构的词汇。