Neuroprotective Effects of Nebbiolo Red Wine Against Ethanol-induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Neurotoxicity

Objective: Chronic alcohol consumption causes neurotoxicity, yet moderate red wine consumption is linked to health benefits, often attributed to its polyphenols. This study investigated whether Nebbiolo red wine (NRW), a variety with high polyphenol content, possesses sufficient neuroprotective capacity to counteract the concurrent neurotoxic effects of its own ethanol (EtOH) content. Materials and Methods: Neuroprotective effects were evaluated in vitro (SH-SY5Y cells, WST-8 assay) and in vivo (mice, Y-maze test) following exposure to 14% EtOH or 14% NRW. Antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and ORAC assays. Results: NRW demonstrated robust dose-dependent antioxidant activity. In vitro, NRWP significantly protected SH-SY5Y cells from EtOH-induced cytotoxicity. In vivo, 14% EtOH administration severely impaired spatial memory (27.1% alternation vs. 67.5% Sham), an effect completely prevented by 14% NRW (65% alternation). Conclusion: NRW mediates significant neuroprotection, effectively neutralizing ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and cognitive impairment in vivo. This suggests polyphenolic content is a critical determinant of alcohol's net neurological impact.