화자(話者) 중심의 언어 인식이 반영된 현대 일본어 문형 고찰 - ｢수동문｣과 ｢テモラウ文｣을 중심으로

A Study of Modern Japanese Sentence Patterns Reflecting Speaker-Centered Language Perception : Focusing on Passive Sentences and Temorau-Sentences

This paper analyzes the Korean-Japanese translation patterns of Japanese passive voice and the “temorau-sentence” structure to elucidate the speaker-centered linguistic perception structure inherent in Japanese. The subjects of analysis were four groups: “1. General Learning Materials”, “2. Student Translations”, “3. Professional Translator Translations”, and “4. AI Translations”. Comparing and contrasting these materials to examine common patterns and differences revealed the following issues, regardless of the group: (1) frequent use of double passive constructions like ‘보여지다’, (2) unnatural expressions resulting from literal translations like ‘~해 받다’, (3) misunderstandings regarding the role of the passive recipient in V-temorau constructions, and (4) repeated arbitrary conversion of passive constructions into active voice. These tendencies stem from the fact that while Japanese emphasizes ‘from whose perspective the situation is described’ within a sentence, Korean tends to center on an agent-focused narrative. Particularly in “temorau-sentences,” the core elements are ‘who requests what, who responds by doing what, and who receives the result.’ However, numerous cases were found where the roles of the agent and passive subject were reversed during translation, altering the meaning. Therefore, this paper proposes that rather than reducing passive voice and the “temorau-sentence” to a simple substitution problem between individual sentence patterns, it is necessary to approach them within an analytical framework that clarifies the role relationship between the agent and the passive subject. This approach is useful for understanding the background of recurring misunderstandings and mistranslations. Furthermore, by observing the reproduction of the same tendency across diverse data types-including literary texts, everyday discourse, professional translation, and machine translation-it demonstrates that Japanese is a system that grammatically marks speaker-centered language perception.

本稿は日本語の受動態と授受表現｢テモラウ文｣の日韓対訳を対象とし、日本語が持つ話者中心の言語認識構造を明らかにすることを目的とする。分析対象は【A-一般学習教材】、【B-学生による翻訳】、【C-専門翻訳家による翻訳】、【D-AIによる翻訳】の四群であり、これらの資料を比較対照·分析して共通の様相と差異を確認した結果、以下のような問題が共通して浮上してきた。つまり、上記の四群にかかわりなく、(1) ｢見られる｣類の二重受動態の頻繁な使用、(2) ｢~해 받다｣式の直訳による不自然な表現 (3) ｢V-てもらう｣における被動者の役割関係の誤解釈、(4) 受動態構文の恣意的な能動態化が繰り返し確認されたのである。こうした傾向が出てくるのは、日本語が文中で誰の立場から事柄を叙述したのかという発信者視点が重視される反面、韓国語は相対的に行為者中心の叙述に片寄っているという差異に起因すると考えられる。特に｢テモラウ文｣では｢誰が何を依頼し、それに応じて誰が何をし、その結果を誰が受けたのか｣が核心であるが、翻訳の過程で動作主体が維持されない、あるいは動作主体と被動主の役割関係が逆転してしまうことにより、意味が変化する事例が多数確認された。したがって、本稿はこうした考察に基づき、受動態と｢テモラウ文｣を個別の文型の単純な置き換えによる対訳問題の解決ではなく、動作主体と被動主の役割関係の明確化の枠組みからアプローチする必要性を提案する。