学位授予制度中非学术标准司法审查的困境与出路

The Dilemma and Solution Path for Judicial Review of Non-Academic Standards in Degree Conferral Systems

The degree conferral system is an integral part of the top-level design of China's national talent strategy and directly affects students’ fundamental rights and interests. Although the newly enacted Degree Law of the People’s Republic of China has established a renewed legal framework, judicial review of non-academic criteria in degree conferral continues to face significant challenges in practice. These challenges include both substantive flaws and procedural obstacles. Substantive flaws cover vague norms, unclear operability and overgeneralized tendencies, while procedural obstacles involve lack of neutrality in universities’ internal appeal mechanisms, unclear administrative relief channels and insufficient intensity of judicial review. To solve these problems, we should make substantive improvements by refining relevant rules and introducing judicial interpretations, so as to enhance the clarity and applicability of non-academic standards. In terms of procedures, universities’ internal appeal mechanisms should be restructured to ensure impartiality, the responsibilities of administrative relief bodies should be clearly defined, and judicial review should be strengthened by applying the principles of proportionality and due process. Such measures will strike a proper balance between institutional autonomy and students’ rights, thus promoting the rule of law and fairness in the degree conferral system.

学位授予制度既关系到国家人才战略的顶层设计，也直接牵涉学生的切身权益。新施行的《中华人民共和国学位法》虽构建了新的法律框架，但非学术标准在司法实践中仍面临审查困境，表现为规范模糊、操作性不足与易泛化等实体缺陷，以及校内申诉机制中立性缺失、行政救济路径不明、司法审查强度不足等程序障碍。为破解上述困境，应在实体层面通过细化规则与司法解释增强非学术标准的明确性与可操作性；在程序层面重塑校内申诉机制以保障其中立性，明确行政救济主体职责，并强化司法审查，引入比例原则与正当程序原则，从而在尊重高校自主权的同时切实保障学生权利，推动学位授予制度实现法治化与公平化。