상고 중국어에 보이는 ‘各’의 諧聲字를 중심으로 하는 단어가족의 어휘 파생에 대한 연구

Lexical Derivation in the Word Family Centered on the Phonetic Series of ‘各’ in Old Chinese

본고는 ‘各’자의 자원(字源)과 용법을 재검토하고, ‘이르다, 오다’라는 뜻을 지닌 동사 *kraːg‘各(��)’을 어근으로 하는 상고 중국어 단어가족의 어휘 파생 관계를 복원하였다. ‘各’의 해성자 내부에서는 *kraːg‘各(��)’에서 *g.raːgs‘路’가 청탁교체(淸濁交替)와 접미사 -s의 첨가에 의해 파생되었으며, 이 외에 *kʰraːg‘客’, *g.rag‘略’, *g.raːg‘落’도 이 어근에서 파생되었다. 또한 *g.raːgs‘路’에서 *g.raːg‘絡’이 나왔고, *g.raːg‘落’에서 *g.raːgs‘露’가 나왔다. 나아가 ‘各’의 해성자 바깥에서는 *graːŋ‘行’, *g.raʔ‘旅’, *rɯːg‘來’가 *kraːg‘各(��)’에서 파생되어 나왔을 가능성에 대해 검토하였다.

This study reexamines the etymology and usages of the Chinese graph ‘各’, and reconstructs the derivational relationships within its word family, focusing on both words belonging to the phonetic series of ‘各’ and etymologically related forms outside it. Within the phonetic series, the most solid axis of lexical derivation is *kraːg ‘各 (v.)’ → *g.raːgs ‘路’, which exemplifies a representative word-formation pattern in Old Chinese involving the alternation of voicing in the initial consonant and nominalization through the suffix -s. From *g.raːgs ‘路’ ‘road, path’ was further derived *g.raːg ‘絡’, denoting the channels through which vital energy (氣血) circulates within the human body. From the verbal root *kraːg ‘各 (v.)’ was also derived *kʰraːg ‘客’ ‘guest’, referring to a person who comes toward the speaker. This represents another type of derivation through aspiration alternation, which, though less common than voicing alternation, was a productive word-formation mechanism in Old Chinese. In addition, two other verbs were derived from the same root: *g.rag ‘略’ ‘to patrol, to move along’, and *g.raːg ‘落’ ‘to fall, to descend’. From *g.raːg ‘落’ was subsequently derived *g.raːgs ‘露’ ‘dew’, meaning ‘drops that fall from the sky’. In discussing the word family beyond the phonetic series, the paper also explores the possible derivation of *graːŋ ‘行 (xíng, to walk)’ ‘to go, to move along a path’ and *g.raʔ ‘旅’ ‘army on expedition’ from the root *kraːg ‘各 (v.)’. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential etymological relationship between *kraːg ‘各 (v.)’ and *rɯːg ‘來’ ‘to come’, examining their Old Chinese phonological correspondences. Although this connection remains to be fully established, it is highly probable that *kraːg ‘各 (v.)’ and *rɯːg ‘來’ are cognates, and the precise phonological developments involved are left for future research.