『四聲通解』 寒旱翰曷韻에 인용된 『蒙古韻略』과 『蒙古字韻』의 비교 연구

A Comparative study between the “Meng Gu Yun Lüe” Cited in the “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae and the “Meng Gu Zi Yun” in the British Museum: Focused on “hán(寒)hàn(旱)hàn(翰)hé(曷)” Rhyme

이 논문은 『四聲通解』 寒旱翰曷韻에 인용된 『蒙古韻略』과 『蒙古字韻』의 韻字 비교, 韻字 讀音의 비교를 통하여 『蒙古韻略』과 『蒙古字韻』이라는 두 韻書 간의 차이, 『四聲通解』와 『洪武正韻譯訓』의 正音 차이, 현존 『四聲通解』와 『蒙古字韻』 중의 오류 등을 밝혔다. 이와 동시에 지금까지 누적된 『四聲通解』에 관한 연구와 함께 최세진의 正音觀 등도 함께 고찰하였다. 최세진이 『蒙古韻略』의 음을 언급한 경우, 『古今韻會擧要』도 함께 언급한 것이 많다. 본고는 함께 언급된 『古今韻會擧要』의 음도 밝혔다.

In the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae, among the rhyming characters listed under the “Han-Han-Han-He”(寒旱翰曷) rhyme, the middle sounds are divided into ‘ㅓ’ and ‘ㅝ’. In the case of ‘ㅓ’, except for a few characters with the 疑 initial, all the rhyming characters mentioned by Choi Se-jin as being from the Meng Gu Yun Lüe are entering tone characters. In the case of ‘ㅝ’, the characters can be analyzed as either entering tone or non-entering tone. Through comparative analysis with the Meng Gu Zi Yun, the following conclusions could be drawn: 1. In the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae, for the rhymes “Han-Han-Han-He” rhyme (寒旱翰曷韻), when the Main Vowel of the Correct Sound is ‘ㅓ’, all characters are Entering Tone characters, with the exception of 豻犴 in the Level Tone of the Doubtful Initial and 矸, etc., in the Departing Tone of the Doubtful Initial. In the case of 豻犴, their Correct Sound in the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae is [ŋɔn], while their readings in the Meng Gu Yun Lüe and Meng Gu Zi Yun are [ŋan]. In the case of 矸, etc., their Correct Sound in the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae is [ŋɔn], while their readings in the Meng Gu Yun Lüe and Meng Gu Zi Yun are [kan]. Choi Se-jin noted at the beginning of the “Han-Han-Han-He” rhyme (寒旱翰曷韻) section in the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae: “For the Level, Rising, and Departing Tone characters where the Main Vowel of the Correct Sound is ‘ㅓ’([-ɔ]), the Main Vowel in both the Vulgar Sound and the Meng Gu Yun Lüe is all ‘ㅏ’([-a]). I won’t go into each interpretation one by one, lest the discussion look cluttered.” The Meng Gu Zi Yun and Meng Gu Yun Lüe both have the same final [-a]. For characters like 矸, etc., there is a difference in the initial consonant between their Sa-Seong-tong-Hae Correct Sound and their Meng Gu Yun Lüe reading, which helps us understand why Choi Se-jin specifically mentioned the Meng Gu Yun Lüe. However, for 豻犴, although there is no difference in the initial consonant between their Meng Gu Yun Lüe reading and that in the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae, Choi Se-jin still specifically mentioned the Meng Gu Yun Lüe reading. The reason for this is unclear. For Entering Tone characters, although there are minor differences in the recorded characters, the vast majority are noted with the unrounded vowel [-ɔ] in the Meng Gu Zi Yun and the rounded vowel [-uɔ] in the Meng Gu Yun Lüe. A small number of syllables were read as [-ɔ] in the Meng Gu Zi Yun and as [-ɔ] or [-a] in the Meng Gu Yun Lüe, while a very few were read as [-ɔ] in the Meng Gu Zi Yun and as [-iai] in the Meng Gu Yun Lüe. 2. In the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae, for the “Han-Han-Han-He” rhyme (寒旱翰曷韻) where the Middle Sound(中聲) of the Standard Pronunciation(正音) is ‘ㅝ’, characters are divided into entering-tone and non-entering-tone characters. Entering-tone characters: Although there are minor variations in the recorded forms, the pronunciations in both the Meng Gu Zi Yun and the Meng Gu Yun Lüe are uniformly read as [-uɔ]. Non-entering-tone characters: Similarly, despite slight variations in the recorded forms, the pronunciations in both the Meng Gu Zi Yun and the Meng Gu Yun Lüe are uniformly read as [-uɔn]. Exception: The characters 睆 睅 莞 in group (39) are all read as [ɣuan] (belonging to the Xiamu 匣母 initial) in both the Meng Gu Zi Yun and the Meng Gu Yun Lüe. Subsequent phonetic change: Characters that were read with the [-uɔn] pronunciation in the Meng Gu Zi Yun and the Meng Gu Yun Lüe (excluding those from the Xiamu 匣母 initial) later evolved into [-uan] in Modern Standard Mandarin. The rate of this change was relatively slower compared to characters belonging to the Xiamu 匣母 initial. 3. The standard pronunciation in the Sa-Seong-tong-Hae largely corresponds with that of the Hong-mu- Jeong-un-Yeok-hun, although there are also exceptional rhyming characters. The reading of 諺⋅喭 in the Hong