정조대 경상감영의 윤음 간행과 언해

The Publication and Vernacular Translations of Yun-eum by the Gyeongsang Provincial Office during the Reign of King Jeongjo

본 연구는 정조 대 경상감영에서 간행된 목판본 윤음을 대상으로, 왕명 전달 체계에 따른 간행 배경과 판본의 형태적 특징 및 언해 양상을 분석하였다. 경상감영이 간행처임을 나타내는 ‘嶺營開刊’과 ‘嶺營開板’의 刊記는 1782년의 ①「諭中外大小臣庶綸音」·②「崇儒重道綸音」, 1783년의 ③「諭京畿洪忠全羅慶尙原春咸鏡六道綸音」·④「諭慶尙道都事兼督運御史金載人書」, 1784년의 ⑤「御製王世子冊禮後各道身軍布折半蕩減綸音」 5건에서 확인된다. 각각 민심 안정, 진휼, 군포 탕감 정책을 공표하기 위한 목적으로 반포되었으며, 사안의 성격과 긴급도에 따라 책자 간행 및 배포 방식이 달랐다. ①·②윤음은 합철하여 하나의 책으로 간행되었는데, 교서관에서 활자본으로 간행하여 각 도에 배포하고, 각 도 감영에서 이를 다시 飜刻하여 도내 고을에 보급하였다. 그 결과 교서관 활자본과 여러 지방의 번각본이 현존한다. ③윤음은 비변사에서 각 도 관찰사에게 필사본의 형태로 전달되어, 각 도 감영에서 이를 저본으로 삼아 자체적으로 목판을 판각하였으며, 언해문 또한 지역별로 작성하였다. 이로 인해 서로 다른 형태의 지방 목판본만이 전해진다. ④유서는 경상도 지역 백성을 대상으로 하였으므로, 경상감영에서 간행한 목판본이 전한다. ⑤윤음은 교서관 활자본이 배포된 이후에 後錄의 오류가 발견됨에 따라, 지방 번각본 제작 과정에서 이를 대폭 수정하였다. 따라서 중앙의 초기 활자본과 내용이 수정·보완된 지방의 목판본이 현존한다. 경상감영에서 간행한 목판을 板式의 형태에 따라 구분해 보면, 교서관의 활자본 외형을 그대로 모사하여 판각한 ‘동일한 형태의 번각본’(①·②·⑤ 3건)과, 경상감영에서 자율적으로 판각한 ‘독자적인 형태의 목판본’(③·④ 2건)의 두 유형으로 나뉜다. 판본별 형태 비교를 통해 활자 번각본이나 다른 지역의 목판본과는 뚜렷이 구별되는 경상감영본 특유의 글자체가 있음을 확인하였다. 특히, 동일한 한문 문장을 각기 다른 방식으로 언해한 ③윤음의 언해문 4종을 비교 분석한 결과, 경상감영본은 축자역에서 벗어나 간결하고 정확한 어휘를 구사한 의역 중심의 언해 방식을 취했다는 점에서 주목할 만하다.

This study examines the woodblock-printed Yun-eum (Royal Edicts) published by the Gyeongsang Gamyeong (Gyeongsang Provincial Office) during the reign of King Jeongjo, analyzing their publication backgrounds in relation to the royal command delivery system, the morphological characteristics of the editions, and the patterns of their vernacular translation (eonhae). The imprints “Yeongyeong gaegan” (嶺營開刊) and “Yeongyeong gaepan” (嶺營開板), which identify the Gyeongsang Provincial Office as the publisher, are confirmed in five cases: ① Yu jungoe daesosinseo yun-eum (Royal Edict to Officials and Commoners in and out of the Capital) and ② Sungyu jungdo yun-eum (Royal Edict on Revering Confucianism and Honoring Its Teachings) in 1782; ③ Yu gyeonggi hongchung jeolla gyeongsang wonchun hamgyeong yukdo yun-eum (Royal Edict to the Six Provinces) and ④ Yu gyeongsangdo dosa gyeom dogun eosa Gim Jae-in seo (Royal Letter to Gim Jae-in, the Dosa and Dogun-eosa of Gyeongsang Province) in 1783; and ⑤ Eoje wangseja chaengnye hu gakdo singunbo jeolban tanggam yun-eum (Royal Edict on Reducing the Military Cloth Tax by Half Following the Investiture of the Crown Prince) in 1784. These were promulgated to announce policies for stabilizing public sentiment, providing famine relief, and reducing the military cloth tax, respectively; their methods of publication and distribution varied according to the nature and urgency of each matter. Edicts ① and ② were combined and published as a single volume. Initially, the Gyoseogwan (Royal Printing Office) produced a movable-type edition and distributed it to each province; subsequently, each provincial office re-carved (beongak) these into woodblocks for wider dissemination to local districts. Consequently, both the central movable-type editions and various regional reprinted woodblock editions remain extant today. As for Edict ③, it was delivered from the Bibyensa (Border Defense Council) to provincial governors in the form of a manuscript (pilsabon). Using this as a source text, each provincial office autonomously carved its own woodblocks and included vernacular translations (eonhae) that were translated directly within each region. Due to this localized process, only regional woodblock editions with varying forms have been passed down. In the case of Document ④, the royal letter (yuseo) was specifically addressed to the people of Gyeongsang Province, and thus a woodblock edition published by the Gyeongsang Provincial Office is extant. Regarding Edict ⑤, after the Gyoseogwan’s movable-type edition was distributed, errors were discovered in the postscript (hurok). These were extensively revised during the process of producing regional woodblock reprints. As a result, both the initial movable-type editions from the central government and the revised/supplemented regional woodblock editions currently exist. When the woodblocks published by the Gyeongsang Gamyeong are categorized according to their layout and format (pansik), they are divided into two types: “reprinted editions of identical form” (Cases ①, ②, and ⑤), which were carved to faithfully replicate the appearance of the Gyoseogwan’s movable-type editions; and “independent woodblock editions” (Cases ③ and ④), which were carved autonomously by the Gyeongsang Gamyeong. Through a comparative analysis of the formats of each edition, this study confirmed the existence of a unique calligraphy style characteristic of the Gyeongsang Gamyeong editions, which clearly distinguishes them from other movable-type reprints or woodblock editions from different regions. In particular, a comparative analysis of four different vernacular versions (eonhae-mun) of Edict ③—all translating the same Classical Chinese text in different ways—reveals a noteworthy finding: the Gyeongsang Gamyeong edition departed from literal translation (chukja-yeok) in favor of a meaning-oriented, paraphrasti