从王官采诗到文人写俗：宋代至清代“采风活动”的演化与重构

From Official Poetry Collection to Literati’s Folk Writing: The Evolution and Reconstruction of “Caifeng Activities” from the Song to the Qing Dynasty

The official practice of Caifeng (collecting folk songs and customs) can be traced back to the Western Zhou period. Over successive dynasties, its name, functions, and content underwent constant transformation. The roles and scope of poetry collectors were shaped by social conditions, political institutions, imperial preferences, and regional customs, leading to shifts in their identity, objectives, and methods.This paper explores the historical development of the Caifeng tradition from the Song to the Qing dynasty, with particular attention to the Yuan dynasty’s transition from an institutionalized system to broader cultural activities. It further examines the causes behind the marked transformation of Caifeng after the Song, outlines the distinctive features of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing periods, and discusses both the institutional changes in official agencies and posts responsible for Caifeng and remonstration, as well as the contributions of grassroots initiatives in preserving local traditions.

西周时期开始出现的官方采风制度，随着朝代的更替，其名称、性质、内容都逐渐演变。每个时期采诗官的职能和采诗范围随社会环境、政治制度、帝王喜好、地方风俗发生变化，采诗者的身份、对象、目的和性质也发生着变化。本文旨在探究西周采风制度发展在宋朝至清朝的历史变迁、元代“采风制度”到“采风活动”转变的原因及影响、关于在宋代之后采风活动发生明显转变的原因、简要概括宋元明清这几个时期采风活动的特点，对负责官方“采风纳谏”的部门、官职变化的意义与民间自发组织对民间风俗的整理等几个方面进行研究。