Addressing Global Challenges: Exploring the Intersection of Pollution, Income Inequality, and Living Adequacy Thresholds

Purpose: This study examines the intersection between environmental pollutants (CO2, PM2.5, and CH4 emissions), income inequality, and living adequacy thresholds. Design/methodology/approach: Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) based on 2018 crossnational data, this study identifies configurations of intersecting variables including income inequality, living adequacy thresholds, education levels, perceived corruption, and industrial output measures. Findings: Results reveal significant heterogeneity across income country groups. CO2 emission levels show no significant association with income inequality and living adequacy thresholds in the middle to upper-income countries. However, PM2.5 and CH4 emissions are strongly associated with high-income inequality and low living adequacy thresholds, particularly in low to middle-income countries. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited by cross-sectional data from 2018, preventing examination of temporal dynamics and causal relationships. Future research should develop panel fsQCA approaches incorporating longitudinal data. Originality/value: This study provides original value by systematically examining multiple environmental pollutants with comprehensive socioeconomic indicators, operationalizing the living adequacy threshold concept, and revealing multiple pathways to social disadvantage.