A Study on the Institutionalization and Legal Improvement of Private Security and Security Services using AI and IoT Technology

Purpose: With the rapid advancement of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), the private security and protection industry has undergone a fundamental transformation. Advanced technologies such as intelligent CCTV systems, drones, biometric identification, and IoT-based sensor networks have accelerated the shift from labor-intensive security models to technology-driven integrated security systems. Despite this transformation, Korea’s Security Services Industry Act has not kept pace with technological innovation, resulting in persistent institutional and legal gaps concerning legal definitions, licensing and supervision frameworks, technology certification, and liability allocation. This study aims to propose directions for the institutionalization and legal reform of AI- and IoT-based private security and protection services in Korea. Method: This study adopts a qualitative research design based on an analysis of recent developments in security technologies and their applications within the private security and protection sector. A comprehensive review of relevant domestic and international literature, legal statutes, and policy documents was conducted. In addition, a comparative legal analysis of major foreign jurisdictions was undertaken to examine how technologybased security services have been legally recognized and regulated. Through this approach, implications for im-proving Korea’s legal and institutional framework were derived. Results: The results reveal a structural imbalance in Korea’s private security system, in which legal and insti-tutional reforms significantly lag behind technological adoption. Three major challenges were identified: ensuring transparency and accountability in AI-driven decision-making processes, enhancing the reliability and integrity of data management systems, and safeguarding personal information. These challenges frequently conflict within the existing regulatory framework. Moreover, current legislation lacks clear provisions regarding the legal status of technology-based security services, standardized technology certification systems, and clearly defined supervisory authority, thereby perpetuating regulatory uncertainty. Conclusion: This study concludes that clarifying the legal status of AI- and IoT-based private security and protection services is essential for the sustainable development of the industry. Furthermore, establishing a convergence security governance framework based on cooperation between public an d private sectors is necessary. Legal and institutional reforms should prioritize the introduction of technology certification mechanisms, the clarification of accountability structures, and the achievement of a balanced approach between transparency and personal data protection. While this study is limited by its reliance on literature review and institutional analysis, future research incorporating empirical data, in-depth interviews with practitioners and policymakers, and policy simulation studies is recommended to support practical implementation and legislative advancement.