本稿では，平安時代から中世末までを対象として，無助詞と「の」「が」の三者の使用状況の変化を，特に，構造的な側面に注目して明らかにした。論じた点は次のようである。①主語を表す形態は，無助詞と「の」の役割分担から，無助詞と「が」に移行する様相を見せている。②無助詞は文構造，「の」は連体構造に偏った用いられ方を示しており，このような傾向は主語と述語との間に介在出来る要素の幅，すなわち「構造の大きさ」を基準にしたものと考えられる。③「の」が用いられる連体節に見られる変化は，連体節における無助詞の用例の減少および人や物を表す準体節の衰退の二つの要因が考えられる。④「が」の構造は無助詞より小さく，中世以降の変化に注目する必要がある。
This paper investigates the diachronic changes of the three subject markers φ, no, and ga from the Heian period to the end of the Middle age in Japanese. The researches about the Japanese subject markers’ historical changes have mainly focused on comparisons between no and ga. However, this paper points out thatφ and no were the primary subject markers before the end of the Middle age. The two forms φ and no shows different tendency according to the structure, namely, φ tendency to a sentence structure and no tendency to a noun clause structure. This paper argues the reason for the tendency comes from the structural size that the two forms can consist of. Ga extended its usage and became a central subject marker along with φ by the end of the Middle age. However, ga was used in a narrower sentence range than φ. Further investigation is needed on a structural change of ga.
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