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麦积山石窟的创建与其对中国文化的影响

The Creation of Maiji Mountain Grottoes and the Value of Buddhist Art

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麦积山石窟开凿于甘肃省天水市东南约30公里西秦岭小陇山支脉一座突兀而起的孤峰峭壁之上,因“望之团团,如农家积麦之状”而得名.从远处望去,刀削斧切的崖壁上十几层栈道凌空飞架,大大小小的窟龛密如蜂房,在烟云飘渺之中若隐若现,令人叹为观止.这座始建于5世纪的佛教艺术宝库,先后历经北魏,西魏,北周,隋,唐,五代,宋,元,明,清等中国十余个王朝1600多年的营建,现存大小窟龛221个,各类造像3938件10632身,壁画约1000平方米,以及大量的经卷文书,碑碣等文物,是与敦煌,龙门,云冈齐名的中国四大石窟之一,也是全国重点风景名胜区.1961年麦积山石窟被中国国务院公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位.2015年在卡塔尔多哈举行的第39届世界遗产委员会会议上,麦积山石窟做为“丝绸之路:长安—天山廊道的路网”项目组成部分,被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会正式认定为世界文化遗产.麦积山石窟以独特的泥塑艺术,绚丽的北朝壁画,令人赞叹的建筑技艺而闻名于世.这些作品与泥塑造像一起构成了麦积山石窟艺术的精彩篇章,对于探讨和研究南北朝以来洛阳,长安,成都等地与西域,中亚地区之间佛教艺术的交流与传播提供了珍贵的实物资料.总而言之,麦积山石窟蕴含着丰富的历史,艺术,宗教,建筑,景观等价值,这为促进这座佛教艺术宝库的管理,保护,研究,展示,接待等工作提供了有利支撑,也将为新视野下麦积山石窟的发展和提升创造更加广阔的空间与舞台.独具特色的麦积山石窟寺,它远离尘嚣,依山傍水,人迹罕至,在努力实践宗教信仰对人生的思考以及对未来美好世界期盼的同时,也为后世留下了探寻古代社会的一条路径和窗口.在经历了环境变迁,朝代更迭,自然损毁,人为破坏等种种因素后,麦积山石窟可谓得天独厚,堪称一座保存完整,内容丰富的佛教遗存. 对麦积山石窟的相关研究大多都是对麦积山石窟现状的分析和各朝代石窟艺术,绘画艺术方面进行研究.在韩国,关于麦积山石窟的文献,只有在介绍中国四大石窟时简单的提到,现在为止还有没完整介绍它的文章.本论文对研究对象本着尊重原始材料,整体客观的进行研究.从麦积山石窟的考古学,历史学和佛教题材等方面的论述,使读者更深刻的了解麦积山石窟文化的价值.本文对佛教传入对石窟麦积山石窟的创建和影响等问题进行较为全面的整理和分析.探讨佛教文化传入的根源对石窟艺术的发展具有的决定性作用.希望在全球文化互相影响,互相渗透的今天,这些精美的麦积山石窟艺术,会对我们如何体现时代的精神有所启发.

Maiji Mountain Grottoes is located on the cliff, about 30 km southeast of Tianshui City, Gansu Province and named as her special shape. Maiji Mountain Grottoes famous by her unique clay art, colorful mural of North and South Dynasties, and stunning architecture art. It contains profound in history, art, religion, architecture and landscape value. Base on the valuable literatures of Maiji Mountain Grottoes, it is very meaningful to us to research about the communication and exchange of Buddhist art of North and South Dynasties. The related researches of Maiji Mountain Grottoes are just analysed the current situation of Maiji Mountain Grottoes, grotto art and painting art in different dynasties. especially in korea, the literatures are just only simple introduce China"s four big grottoes, didn"t do the deeply research. We researched the Maiji Mountain Grottoes basic on the archaeology, history and Buddhism, and then, help us deeply understand the value of Maiji Mountain Grottoes culture. In this paper, we comprehensive analysed the influence of grottoes creation of Buddhism introduced. To explore the buddhist culture played a decisive role to the development of grotto art. today as Global cultural influences and mutual penetration, these exquisite Maiji Mountain Grottoes art, would inspire us to embody the spirit of the times.

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