遺民墓誌銘을 통해본 唐의 東方政策과 高句麗 遺民의 동향

Eastern Policies of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Activities of the Koguryo Refugees through Remaining Tomb Epitaphs[墓誌銘]

This thesis aimed at examining the Koguryo refugees as well as the Chinese Tang(唐) dynasty’s Eastern policy during the 2nd half of the 7th century, through remaining tomb epitaphs[墓誌銘] of those Koguryo refugees. As part of a joint project with Professor Bai, Genxing(拜根興) at the Shaanxi(陝西) Education University, I surveyed a grand collection of extant epitaphs of Koguryo refugees, and tried to examine their movements and activities. I also wanted to have a look at how they progressed as the Tang’s policy tended to change itself as well, and analyzed written documents from many perspectives to that end. As a result, I was able to recreate details of the refugees’ activities, which turned out to be quite diverse ever since the dynasty fell, and was able to newly determine how their actions affected the Tang’s policy in return. For example, the epitaph of Nam Dan-deok(南單德) and epitaphs of Go Heum-deok(高欽德) & Go Weon-mang(高遠望), which were all found in 2015, reveal how the Tang dynasty established a ruling authority over Koguryo’s old territory. From the epitaphs of Yi Ta-in(李他仁) and Yang Hyeon-gi(陽玄基, who was a Tang official) we can confirm that a Koguryo Revival Movement was widely in progress around 670 and 671 in the Buyeo region as well as areas nearby the Duman-gang river. In the meantime, the recently found epitaph of Go Eul-deok(高乙德) vividly shows us how Tang subdued the Revival movement around 673 and began to engage Shilla full-scale in 674. Tang organized a large army in 679 to protect itself from the invasion of the Turks, and through many Koguryo refugee epitaphs we learned that many of them were actually enlisted in the Turk front. And especially from the epitaph of Go Hyeon(高玄), we discovered that Koguryo refugees who had been dispersed and stationed in various Ju/州 areas were systematically pulled from where they were to be diverted to the front. Unfortunately we were not able to identify the status of Koguryo refugees who remained inside the dynasty’s old territory while the Khitans’ rise in June 696 which definitely led to Balhae’s foundation in 698 was heavily on our minds. The fact that since the Khitans’ rise the Koguryo refugees in the Liadung region were behind the Koguryo Revival movement was newly determined by epitaphs of Go Jil(高質) and Go Ja(高慈). As mentioned above, I examined all the existing written texts as well as newly discovered epitaph materials in order to analyze changes in the Tang dynasty’s Eastern policy as well as the ever-changing status of the Koguryo refugees from a multilateral perspective. The fact that Koguryo Revival movements also progressed in the Buyeo and Duman-gang region was newly determined during this project and will help enhance the overall understanding of this period. Also, the newly identified detail that Koguryo refugees in the Liaodung region involved themselves in a Koguryo Revival movement right after the Khitans rose will contribute to bettering previous understanding of the historical background which was behind the foundation of Balhae. Results from this project would be able to provide scholars and researchers with details regarding the Koguryo refugees’ actions, Shilla’s Tang policy, and changes in the Tang dynasty’s Eastern policy, and enable them to have a macroscopic view of the overall picture including the Unified Shilla’s firm establishment as well as the foundation of Balhae, which were all crucial changes the Koreans of this period were able to witness.

본 논문은 고구려 遺民墓誌銘을 바탕으로 “7세기 후반 唐의 東方政策과 高句麗 遺民의 동향”을 고찰한 것이었다. 필자는 陝西師範大學 拜根興 교수와 공동으로 이 글을 작성하면서 고구려 유민묘지명의 현황을 체계적으로 조사하는 한편, 문헌사료와 연계시켜 “당의 동방정책 변화에 따른 고구려 유민의 동향”을 다각도로 고찰했다. 이를 통해 고구려 멸망 이후 다양하게 전개된 고구려 유민의 동향을 구체적으로 파악하는 한편, 이들의동향이 당의 동방정책에 미친 영향을 새롭게 고찰할 수 있었다. 가령 2015년에 발견된 <南單德墓誌銘>이나 高欽德·高遠望 父子의 墓誌銘을 통해 고구려 멸망 직후 당이고구려 고지에 대해 기미지배를 구축하던 양상을 구체적으로 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 <李他仁墓誌銘>이나 唐 의 관인이었던 <陽玄基墓誌銘>을 통해서는 고구려 부흥운동이 요동지역이나 한반도 서북지역뿐 아니라 부여지역이나 두만강 유역에서도 광범위하게 전개된 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. <高乙德墓誌銘>을 통해서는 당이673년경 고구려 부흥운동을 진압하고, 674년부터 신라와의 전면전에 착수하던 양상을 구체적으로 확인할 수있었다. 당은 679년부터 대규모 원정군을 편성해 돌궐의 침공을 방어했는데, 여러 유민묘지명을 통해 고구려 유민출신 장수들이 돌궐 방어전에 투입된 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 <高玄墓誌銘>을 통해서는 각 州에 분산배치한 고구려 遺民 병사를 체계적으로 동원한 사실도 새롭게 파악했다. 그리고 696년 6월 거란의 흥기는 698 년 발해의 건국으로 이어졌다는 점에서 많은 연구자의 관심을 받았지만, 사료의 제약으로 고구려 고지에 거주하던 유민의 동향을 파악하기는 힘들었다. 그런데 <高質墓誌銘>과 <高慈墓誌銘>을 통해 거란의 흥기 직후 요동지역의 고구려 유민들이 부흥운동을 전개한 사실을 새롭게 확인했다. 부여지역과 두만강 유역에서도 고구려 부흥운동이 전개된 사실을 밝힌 것은 향후 이 분야 연구에 크게 기여할 것이다. 거란의 흥기 직후, 요동지역의 고구려 유민이 부훙운동을 전개한 사실을 밝힌 것도 발해 건국의 역사적 배경을 이해하는데 크게 기여할 것이다. 이 글이 고구려 유민의 동향, 신라의 대당정책, 당의 동방정책변화 등이 맞물리며 통일신라의 확립과 발해의 건국으로 귀결된 이 시기 한국사의 전개양상을 재조명할 단서를 제공하기를 기대한다.