성장기 거주지역에 따른 교육 및 임금 격차와 소득불평등의 재생산

Education and Wage Disparities According to Residential Areas during Periods of Growth, and Reproduction of Income Inequality

This study analyzes the impact of individuals’ residential circumstances during their growth period on their wage income. Specifically, we examine the effects of place of birth and high school location, with education serving as a mediator. The study utilizes the Heckman sample selection model and PLS path analysis, using data from the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS). The main findings are as follows: First, individuals who lived in regions with higher centrality during their growth period, particularly during their high school years rather than at birth, tend to have higher wage income. However, while the influence of national-level centres like Gangnam remained consistent in 2019 compared to 2009, the influence of regional-level centres like non-capital metropolitan cities weakened. Second, the wealth of the parents" generation directly and indirectly affected the wages of their children. In the indirect path, parents" wealth was reproduced by providing their children with educational experiences in central regions (such as Gangnam), which opened up social and economic opportunities, and fostered educational enthusiasm. Third, compared to 10 years ago, the tendency of students from Gangnam to enter universities in the Seoul capital region has strengthened. However, the reproduction of wealth between generations through regional effects has weakened due to the diminished leverage effect of universities on job acquisition. These results suggest that regional disparities in opportunities, particularly in education, contribute to the reproduction of structural inequalities and limit individual social mobility. Therefore, it is important to enhance the competitiveness of regional-level centres, such as local metropolitan cities and their universities.

본 연구는 계층 간 불평등이 지역적 불균형으로 인해 강화되는 구조 속에서 교육이 기회의 사다리보다는 불평등의 재생산기제로 활용되고 있는 현상을 규명하고자 한다. 구체적으로는2009년과 2019년의 “대졸자 직업이동 경로조사”를 분석 대상으로 하여 개인이 성장기에 거주했던 지역이 대학 교육 및 대학 졸업 이후 임금에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 통해 지역별 교육격차가 계층 재생산 또는 이동성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 가늠해보고자 한다. 구체적으로, 헤크만 표본선택모형을 활용한 첫 번째 분석에서는 성장기 거주지역에 따라 임금 격차가 발생하는 양상을 확인하고, PLS 경로분석을 이용한 두 번째 분석에서는 이러한 격차를 야기하는 구조적인 경로는 무엇이며, 그 양상은 지난 10년간 어떻게 변화하였는지를 지역과 교육이 매개하는효과에 초점을 맞추어 규명할 것이다.