5~6세기대 안동지역 세력의 구성과 그 동향

The composition and Trends of Political Power in Andong Region in the 5th and 6th Centuries

5~6세기대 안동지역은 토기와 묘제의 차이를 통해 임하댐수몰지구에 조영된 고분군 축조 집단과 안동시가지 및 그 주변 고분군 축조 집단으로 나눌 수 있다. 임하댐수몰지구 고분군 출토 토기는 크게 경주양식토기와 의성양식토기로 구성된다. 여기에 보주형 꼭지가 부착되고 개신에 투공이 뚫린 개와 직구호 같은 재지계 토기가 더불어 출토되며 횡구식석곽(실)의 평면형태는 장방형을 띤다. 안동시가지 및 그 주변 고분군에서는 경주양식이나 의성양식 어느 곳에도 속할 수 없는 독특한 형태의 고배와 대형 파배, 대형 대부완이 출토되며 횡구식석곽(실)의 평면형태는 장방형이되, 한쪽 단벽이 둥근 형태를 띤다. 4세기 말~5세기 초에 사의・임하동고분군을 중심으로 임하댐수몰지구의 고분군이 먼저 조영되기 시작하는데, 이 축조 집단은 동해안에서 안동 및 내륙으로 소금과 기타 해산물을 공급해 주던 길목에 자리하여 경제적 부를 축적할 수 있었고 이를 배경으로 크게 성장하였던 것으로 추정된다. 또한 고구려와의 접근도 용이해 고구려와 신라 사이에 힘의 균형을 유지하며 어느 정도 독립이 이루어졌던 것으로 보인다. 5세기 중・후반이 되면 신라는 고구려로부터 자립화를 시도하고 동시에 경북 북부지역에 대한 지배력을 확대하고자 하였다. 그 일환으로, 당시 신라와 긴밀한 관계를 가지고 있던 의성지역과의 접근이 용이한 안동시가지 지역을 주목하게 된다. 그리하여 안동시가지 및 그 주변에는 신라와의 관계를 바탕으로 경주지역 적석목곽분과 유사한 안동 태화동 3호분이 축조되고 태화동 7호분에서는 화려하고 양질의 부장품이 다량 출토된다. 6세기 이후가 되면 임하댐수몰지구 인근, 정확히는 임하댐수몰지구와 동해안 사이에 지동・율리고분군이 소규모로 축조된다. 지동 2호분의 피장자는 신라의 영향이 강하게 미쳤던 안동시가지 고분군 축조집단이었던 인물로, 6세기 이후 지동고분군 일대에 자리한 것으로 추정되며 신라를 대신하여 동해안에서 들여오는 해산물과 소금 등의 물자 이동을 통제하는 역할을 부여받았던 것으로 생각된다.

The Andong region in the fifth to sixth centuries CE was divided into two sections represented, respectively, by a group of tombs located in the Imha Dam submerged districts and a group of tombs located around the central Andong area and its surrounding areas, based on tomb type and pottery. The pottery excavated from the tomb area of the Imha Dam submerged districts is mostly composed of Kyongju-type and Uiseong-type pottery. Some uniquely shaped pottery has also been excavated from this area, including covers with holes on their body and ‘Boju-type’ handles (marble-shaped decorations with flame-shaped patterns), and jars with vertical rims. The horizontal entrance type stone chamber tombs of this area are rectangular in floor plan. In the case of central Andong and its surrounding areas, uniquely shaped pottery such as gobae, large pabae, and large daebuwan have been identified. In this area, the horizontal entrance type stone chamber tombs are also rectangular in floor plan but have one wall that is of a curved shape in cross-section. From the end of the fourth century to the beginning of the fifth century, the groups of tombs in the Imha Dam submerged districts began to be established, focusing on the groups of tombs in Sauidong and Imhadong. It is presumed that the group of people who used the tombs would have been able to greatly develop their economic wealth based on their location, which allowed them to supply salt and seafood from the East Sea to inland regions. In addition, they could easily access Goguryeo territory, which enabled them to play a role in maintaining the balance of power between Goguryeo and Silla, as well as maintain their status as an independence power. From the mid to late fifth century, Silla tried to be independent from Goguryeo. It also began to pay attention to the Andong region in an attempt to expand its sphere of influence into the northern part of North Gyeongsang Province. Andong was easily accessed from the Uiseong district and Silla had a close relationship with Uiseong. It is in the context of this relationship with Silla that Taehwadong Tomb No. 3, which is similar to the wooden chamber tombs with stone mounds of the Gyeongju region, was constructed. A number of elaborate and high quality grave goods were also excavated from Taehwadong Tomb No. 7. After the sixth century, the size of the tombs in central Andong and its surrounding areas had become smaller, and groups of tombs were established in the Jidong and Yulli area, located near the Imha Dam submerged districts. The deceased buried in Jidong Tomb No. 2 may have belonged to one of the groups that built the tombs in central Andong that were strongly affected by Silla. It is presumed that the tomb was constructed in the Jidong burial ground after the sixth century. It is also assumed that the deceased may have played a part in controlling the movement of materials, including seafood and salt, from the East Sea for consumption in Silla.