嶺南地域出土豆形土器의 性格

Characteristics of Mounted Dishes Excavated from the Yeongnam Area

두형토기(豆形土器)는 원형점토대토기 단계부터 약 기원 전후한 시기까지 출토되는, 산화염의 무문굽다리토기 중에서도 배신과 대각의 접합을 기본으로 하는 토기이다. 한반도에는 초기철기시대에 원형점토대토기와 함께 요령지역(􆩚􆧑地域)에서 유입되었으며, 특히 영남지역에서는 고식와질토기(古式瓦質土器)가 출토되는 목관묘 단계까지도 확인된다. 시간성을 가장 민감하게 반영하는 속성은 대각의 내·외면 형태이고, 각 형식(Aa가·Aa나·Ab·Ba나·Bb)들은 추가와 소멸이 함께 인지된다. 또한 전 기간 동안 대각의 길이가 짧은 것과 긴 것(1·2·3群)은 꾸준히 함께 사용되었다. 영남지역에서 두형토기가 출토되는 기간은 크게 3단계로 나눌 수 있는데, 각각의 단계를 다시 세분하여 총 6단계로 변화상을 살펴볼 수 있다. 그 중에서도 시기별 획기가 되는 I·II·III단계에서 큰 변화를 보인다. 먼저 I단계는 유입기로 무덤에는 부장되지 않아 장송의례에서는 사용되지 않으며, 수평 조으기·비틀어 조으기·투공 넓히기 기법으로 만들어진다. II단계는 성행기로 대구분지를 중심으로 부장이 시작되고 수량이 증가하며 기종분화 및 파생이 일어난다. 제작기법은 투공 넓히기·종사방향 조으기·돌려 넓히기 등 I단계에서 행해지던 기법의 변형과 동시에 새로운 기법이 등장한다. III단계는 감소 및 소멸기로 출토사례가 현저하게 줄어들고 제작기법 또한 II단계에서 보이던 다양한 기법이 확인되지 않는다. 그리고 와질(瓦質)로 전환되지 않고 무문(無文)의 재질로 잔존하며, 칠제(漆製)로 제작되어 위세품의 기능을 한다. 두형토기는 일반적으로 의례용 토기라고 알려져 있지만 식기로도 쓰였을 것으로 판단된다. 다만 대각의 높이가 높은 것들은 의례 시에 좀 더 사용빈도가 높았을 것이며, 그러한 높이는 시간성이나 위계보다는 상황에 따른 용도의 차이를 반영한다. 따라서 그 용도는 상당히 유동적인 토기라고 할 수 있다.

The mounted dish was used from the Round Attached-rim Pottery Phase to around the beginning of the 1st century AD. It is a type of plain coarse pottery, fired in an oxidizing atmosphere, which consists of a dish and mount attached together. It was first introduced from the Liaoning region into the Korean peninsula during Early Iron Age, along with round attachedrim pottery. In the Yeongnam area, in particular, mounted dishes dating to the Wooden Coffin Tomb Phase (which yields archaic-type grey earthenware) have been identified. Among the characteristics of this pottery type, the inner and outer shape of the mount and the shape of the dish are seen to be temporally sensitive. Each of the types (Aa-Ga, Aa-Na, Ab, Ba-Na and Bb) experienced popularity and decline. Throughout the entire period of their use, types with tall and short mounts were consistently used together (Groups 1, 2 and 3). The time period during which mounted dishes were used in the Yeongnam area can be largely divided into 3 phases, and each of these 3 phases can be further divided, thereby forming a total of 6 phases. Among these, Phases I, II and III, which mark the different time periods, demonstrate significant changes. Firstly, Phase I marks the introductory period during which the mounted dish was not used as a grave good nor in funerary ceremonies. In this period, the mounted dish was made using horizontal tightening, twisted tightening and mount hole widening techniques. Phase II witnessed growth in popularity of the mounted dish, which began to be used as a grave good in the area of the Daegu basin. Increased production and type differentiation and variation are characteristics of this period, and production utilized both new and preexisting techniques, such as mount hole widening, longitudinal and oblique tightening and widening by means of rotation. Phase III witnessed the reduced production and eventual disappearance of this pottery type. The number of examples identified was reduced greatly and the varied production techniques of Phase II were no longer used. In addition, the mounted dish did not make the transition to grey earthenware, but continued to be made with a plain coarse fabric. They were also made in lacquerware and functioned as prestige goods. The mounted dish is typically known to be a kind of ritual vessel, but the possibility that it may have been used as tableware is considered. The dishes with higher mounts would have been used more frequently in rituals. In other words, the differences in mount hight can be seen to reflect differences in function, rather than hierarchy or time period. It is thus possible to suggest that the mounted dish was a type of pottery with highly flexible functions.