六角形住居址와漢城期百濟聚落

Hexagonal Houses and Baekje Settlements of the Hanseong Period

이 글은 현재 학계에서 쟁점이 되고 있는 육각형 주거지와 한성기 백제의 영역문제를 살펴보고, 한성기 백제취락을 복원하기 위한 목적으로 작성되었다. 육각형 주거지는 형태적 유사성에도 불구하고 주거지가 조영된 역사적맥락에 따라 세가지 유형으로분류되었다. 육각형 주거지가 출현하는 원삼국후기의 육각형주거지(A유형)와 한성기 백제취락에 분포하고 있는 육각형 주거지(B유형), 그리고 백제 영역외곽에 분포하는 육각형 주거지(C유형) 등이다. 각 유형의 육각형 주거지를 구분하는 기준은 유물이 되겠지만, 특히 B유형의 육각형 주거지를 구분하는 기준으로 취락의 위계와 육각형 주거지구성과의 높은 상관성에 주목하였다. 따라서 이러한기준에 의하면 한성기의 백제중앙이 직접적으로 영향력을 미칠 수 있었던 영역은 경기일원에 불과하며, 안성천이남~차령산맥지역은 생산 및 물류거점에 한하여 백제중앙이 관여하였을 개연성이 높다. 한성기백제주거지는 규모, 구조 및 건축부재, 위세품, 공간배치등으로 볼때 타원형 및 방형계주거지 → 돌출된 출입시설이 없는 육각형 주거지 → ‘凸’자형 육각형 주거지 → ‘呂’자형 육각형 주거지순으로 위계차이가 관찰되었다. 따라서 주거지구성을 토대로 한성기백제취락을 5등급으로 위계화하였는데, 각 등급에 따라 취락의 성격과 계층구성에 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한성기백제취락의 경관과 관련하여 중앙의 지방지배는 위세품이 집중된 2등급 취락을 통해서 관철되었으며, 장기지속적인2,3등 급취락들이 하천을 따라 연결망을 이루었던 것과는 달리 단기 지속적인 4,5등급 취락은 구릉사면에 입지하면서 하천변의 3등급 취락과 함께 읍락을 구성했던 것으로 보인다.

This paper attempts to examine the relationship between hexagonal houses and the Baekje territory in the Hanseong period, which has been a main issue of debate within Korean archaeology, and to suggest how Baekje settlements may have looked like in the Hanseong period. Hexagonal houses are categorized into three types according to the historical contexts in which they were built. Type A houses belong to the late Proto-Three Kingdoms period, which is when the hexagonal house began to be built. Type B houses are found in Baekje settlements of the Hanseong period. Type C houses are found outside of the Baekje territory. Each type can be classified according to the nature of the archaeological remains excavated. However the aim of this paper is to focus on the relationship between settlement hierarchical order and the constituent ratio of hexagonal house within the settlement as one means of classifying Type B houses. This is based on the assumption that the excercise of direct influence by the Baekje central government took place only in the Gyeonggi area; in the area between the Anseong river and the Charyong mountain range, which was also Baekje territory during the Hanseong period, the dirfect influence of Baekje central government was only felt in areas that functioned as centers of production and distribution. It can be seen, based on size, structure, architectural material, prestige goods and spatial arrangement, that Baekje houses in the Hanseong period were ranked by according to the following hierarchical order: oval and rectangular house → hexagonal house without protruding gateway → 凸-shaped hexagonal house → 呂-shaped hexagonal house. Baekje settlements can therefore be classified into five ranks according to the constituent ratio of different house types within the community. Each settlement rank illustrated differences in terms of character and the nature of the constituent population. As for the differential distribution of Baekje settlements within the landscape, the central government’s exercise of power was limited to the second ranked settlements─the majority of excavated prestige goods came from these settlements. The forth and fifth ranked settlements were situated at hillside locations, while third ranked settlements were located along waterways. Together, these comprised the towns of the Hanseong Baekje period.