Objectives Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disease of high heritability. Parents of children with ADHD have high parenting stress and low parenting efficacy. In this study, we assessed parents characteristics including inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, executive function, anxiety/depression severity level, child s ADHD symptom severity, and parents emotional distress level. The relationships between severity of ADHD symptoms in children, cognitive and emotional characteristics in parents, as well as parenting stress and parenting efficacy were evaluated. Methods 96 parents participated in the study. Each parent assessed their child s ADHD symptom severity, their own ADHD symptom severity, as well as executive function, depression, anxiety, parenting stress and parenting efficacy. Collected data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results The mean ADHD Rating Scale score of 53 children was 22.91 (±9.63). Of these, 26 (49.0%) were taking medication. Eight (8.3%) of the 96 parents had psychiatric illnesses and 12 (12.5%) had the possibility of ADHD. Mothers showed significantly higher levels of parenting stress (p<0.001), depression (p=0.006), and parenting efficacy (p<0.001) compared with fathers. The children s ADHD symptoms, severity, and parental depression were related to high parenting stress. The ADHD symptoms of parents were associated with high parenting stress (p=0.032). Parental executive function was significantly associated with low parenting efficacy (p=0.015). Conclusion Children s ADHD symptoms severity, parental depression and ADHD symptom severity were significantly associated with high parenting stress. Parental executive function was significantly associated with low parenting efficacy. In addition to treating the children with ADHD, evaluation and treatment of parents symptoms is needed in order to reduce parenting stress and provide a stable parenting environment.
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