Freedman(1992) asserts that insitutionalisation is an historical and cultural process. Focusing upon the social aspects of structure and what leads to institutionalisation, we can see that the transformation occurs within a medium of social structure and that the structure provides for and directs social transformation through discourses. For example, the rise of the present system of education is taken as a part of the extension of civilisation and the democratisation of culture from elite to the whole population. In the social history of schooling, the origins of the existing educational system lie in the particular social and economic conditions. If we accept the importance of the peculiarities of time and place to social transformation, it is believed that the institutions and ideologies have artificially constructed culture and imposed it upon the individual in order to maintain their positions of power.