치유되지 않은 탈북

The Unhealed Wound of North Korean Defectors: Differences in Degree of Human Rights Violation Experienced between the Repatriated and the Non-repatriated North Korean Defectors forced from China

본 연구에서는 중국으로부터 강제 북송탈북자들이 경험한 인권침해실태를 파악하기 위하여 비북송탈북들의 것과 비교 검증하였다. 이를 위하여 재한 탈북자 119명을 대상으로 2017년 9월에서 12월까지 국제적으로 표준화된 고문실태조사서인 이스탄불 프로코콜(1999)을 이용하여 설문조사하였다. 수집된 데이터는 SPSS/WIN 21.0 program으로 분석한 결과 대상자의 81.5%가 강제북송을 경험하였다. 대상자의 30.6%는 인권침해경험을 중국공안에 의해서 경험하였다. 북송탈북자들은 비북송탈북자들 보다 체포(t=-2.323, p<0.05), 구금(t=-2.302, p<0.05), 조사(t=-3.253, p<0.001), 고문(t=-11.647, p<0.0001), 고문후유증(t=-4.031, p<0.0001), 공개총살목격(t=-2.185, p<0.05), 강제노동(t=-3.165, p<0.01)에서 유의한 차이로 더 높은 경험을 하였다. 북송탈북자들은 비북송탈북자들보다 체포 6.57배, 구금 5.79배, 조사 2.78배, 고문 27.97배, 고문후유증 5.90배, 공개총찰목격 1.83배, 강제노동 3.09배가 더 많았다. 연구대상자의 46.6%는 중국공안에 의해 체포된 후 고문을 경험하였다. 결론적으로, 강제 북송된 탈북자들은 비북송탈북자들 보다 더 강도 높은 인권침해를 경험하였다. 따라서 이러한 연구결과는 중국이 탈북자들 인권침해를 중단하고 강제북송하지 말 것과 인도적인 차원에서 이들을 정치적 난민으로 받아줄 것을 요청하기 위한 기초 자료로 사용가능하다.

This study investigated differences in human rights violation experience between North Korean defectors(NKD) repatriated forcefully from China and non-repatriated. 119NKD were surveyed in Seoul, South Korea using the Istanbul Protocol for Torture Experience (The Istanbul Protocol, 1999) from September to December 2017. 81.5% were repatriated and 18.5% were non-repatriated. 30.6% were experienced of human right violence in China by Chinese police. The repatriated were significantly higher than the non-repatriated in number of arrest(t=-2.323, p<0.05), of imprisonment (t=-2.302, p<0.05), of interrogation(t=-3.253, p<0.001), of torture(t=-11.647, p<0.0001), of torture aftereffects(t=-4.031, p<0.0001), of eye witness at public execution(t=-2.185, p<0.05), and of labor(t=-3.165, p<0.01). Average number of arrest was 6.57times, of imprisonment was 5.79times, of interrogation was 2.78times, of torture was 27.97times, of torture aftereffects was 5.90times, of eye witness at public execution was 1.83times, and of forced labor was 3.09times of the repatriated were higher than the non-repatriated. 46.6% of respondents were experienced of torture in China by Chinese police in captivities. To conclude, human rights of the repatriated were significantly violated compared to the non-repatriated so that China should stop violence and forced repatriate them to North Korea and should accept them as political refugees.