동해안지역 신석기시대 조기 토기 편년과 양식의 변용과정

Chronology and Stylistic Change in the Incipient Neolithic Pottery of the East Coast

본고는 동해안지역 신석기시대 조기 토기 편년의 문제점을 해결하는 것과 문양·기형·제작기법의 분석을 통해 양식의 변용과정을 구체적으로 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 동해안지역 신석기시대 조기 유적의 층위별 토기 양상을 속성차원에서 검토하여 편년 단위를 설정하고편년 단위 간의 병행관계를 살펴보았다. 이를 바탕으로 동해안지역 조기 토기 편년을 6단계로 설정하였다. 나아가 동해안지역 조기 토기 편년을 무문양토기의 비율, 압날문토기의 전형성, 융기문토기와의공반관계 등을 근거로 전엽(1·2단계)·중엽(3·4·5단계)·후엽(6단계)으로 나누었다. 이때 후엽은 전단계와의 연결성이 확실하고 융기문토기가 다량 출토된다는 점에서 전기로 설정하는 것은 부적절하다. 또한 양식의 변용과정을 자세히 살펴보기 위해 문양·기형·제작기법을 종합적으로 검토하였다. 중엽은무문양·압날문토기와 융기문토기가 서로 영향을 주지 않고 병존하는 단계이다. 이에 반해 후엽은 오산리양식이 쇠퇴하는 과정에서 무문화가 진전되고 동삼동양식이 문양요소로써 채택되는 단계로 이해된다. 즉 후엽이 되면 오산리양식과 동삼동양식이 본격적으로 융합하고 있는 것이다. 이를 단순히 일부토기의 ‘절충’과 융기문 주체 단계로 설명하는 기존의 이해 방식은 동해안 조기 토기 양식 변용과정의의미를 축소시키는 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 동해안지역 신석기시대 조기 후엽은 병존과 절충을넘어 양식의 융합단계로 이행하는 과정으로 보는 편이 적절하다.

The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of chronology for the pottery of the Incipient Neolithic Period and to closely examine the style changes that occurred by looking at decorative patterns, vessel form, and production methods. Chronological units were established and the relationship between the chronological units was examined by reviewing the features of pottery from the different layers of Incipient Neolithic sites located along the East Coast of Korea. Based on this, a six stage chronology was established for the pottery of the Incipient Neolithic Period. The chronology of the pottery from Incipient Neolithic sites of the East Coast were divided into the early phase (Stages 1 &2), the middle phase (Stages 3, 4 & 5), and the later phase (Stage 6) based on the ratio of patternless pottery, the typicality of stamped-pattern ware, and the common occurrence with raised-pattern ware. It was deemed inappropriate to attribute the ‘later phase’ to the Early Neolithic Period given that a clear link with the previous stage existed and a great deal of raised-pattern ware was yielded. To closely examine stylistic change, a comprehensive review of decoration pattern, vessel form, and production methods was conducted. In the middle phase of the period, a coexistence between plain/stamped-pattern ware and raised-pattern ware could be observed, but with no influence exerted on one another. In contrast, it can be suggested that the later phase of the this period should be regarded not as being represented by raised-pattern ware (in which there are some eclectic types of pottery) but as a stage in which, with the decline of Osan-ri style pottery, plain pottery gained a greater foothold, and the Dongsam-dong style came to be adopted as a pattern element. To be specific,the later phase of this period demonstrates an across-the-board combination between the Osan-ri and Dongsam-dong styles. Describing this merely as an a sort of compromise between the two styles, and regarding this stage as being one led by raised-pattern ware may serve to diminish the significance of the change that occurred in terms of pottery style. Therefore, it should be appropriate to view the later phase of the Incipient Neolithic Period of the East Coast as a time period in which a transition from the coexistence of two different pottery styles to a true fusion between the two came to take place.