사비도성 내 묘역의 조성과 확장

Formation and Expansion of the Cemeteries in Sabi Capital City

사비기 석실묘 연구는 능산리고분군과 익산 쌍릉으로 대변되는 왕릉과 사비도성 일대 및 지방의 석실묘를 중심으로 석실묘의 변화 양상과 피장자, 위계 및 관등제, 지방통치체제를 파악하려는 시도가 있었다. 본고에서는 기존의 성과에 더해 사비도성 내에 분포하는 사비기 묘역을 연구대상으로 설정하여 묘역 조성과 이 과정에서 확인되는 사회적 양상을 복원해 보고자 하였다. 우선, 묘역 간의 밀집도 및 묘역 내에 다수의 고분이 조영되는 양상을 비교·검토하여 도성의 중요 건물이위치하는 관북리유적을 중심으로 반경 5km 내외를 사비도성의 범위로 설정하였다. 다음 사비기 석실묘의 속성 중 시간적 요소를 추출하고, 이를 조합하여 10가지 형식으로 분류하였다. 사비기 석실묘의 형식변천은 문틀식 현문구조와 평사천장이라는 새로운 축조기법의 등장, 합장에서 단장으로의 매장관념의 변화로 인한 현실 규모의 축소에 따른 것으로 인식하고, 이를 근거로 사비기 석실묘의 변화를3단계로 구분하였다. 1단계는 문틀식 현문구조와 평사천장이 등장하기 전 단계로 개구식 현문구조와 터널천장이 사용된다. 2단계는 사비기 석실묘에 완전한 문틀식 현문구조와 평사천장이 사용된다. 3단계는 사비기석실묘에서 매장관념의 변화가 발생하여 현실 너비가 축소되고, 구조의 간략화가 이루어졌다. 마지막으로 사비기 석실묘의 단계별 양상을 근거로 도성 범위 내에 분포하는 묘역 간 조성 시기에서 차이가 있고, 기존 묘역이 확장되거나 새로운 묘역이 조성된 것으로 파악하였다. 묘역은 나성 내부와 지리적으로 인접하거나 육로 이동의 이점이 있는 경우와 사비 천도 이전부터 일정 세력과 그 일대의 중요성이 인지된경우 일찍부터 조성될 수 있었다고 추론하였다. 기존 묘역의 확장과 새로운 묘역의 조성은 석실묘 증가와 연관된 것으로 파악하였다. 그 배경으로 위덕왕 재위기간 내에 이루어진 관등제 정비에 따라 석실묘를 축조할수 있는 계층의 범위가 확대되었기 때문으로 추정하였다. 또한, 석실묘가 증가하면서 동일한 묘역 내에서의확장과 새로운 묘역이 조성되는 양상은 혈연적 집단을 기반으로 한 氏族의 분화와 관등제가 정비됨에 따라새로운 씨족의 중앙 진출과 관련된 현상으로 추론하였다.

Until now, studies on the stone chamber tombs of the Sabi Period have focused on Royal Tombs, represented by the Neungsan-ri Tombs of Buyeo and the Twin Tombs of Iksan, and stone chamber tombs found throughout Sabi Capital City and its environs. These studies have tried to identify changes in stone chamber tomb architecture, the identity of the deceased buried in the tomb, the government official ranking system (including rank grade), and the nature of the local ruling system. This study tries to restore the social aspects that can be identified in terms of the process of cemetery formation and expansion by examining the cemeteries of the Sabi Period found throughout Sabi Capital City. For this purpose, a radius of about 5km was drawn around the site of Gwanbuk-ri site, where major buildings of the capital city were located, and this was established as the range of Sabi Capital City. The way in which numerous stone chamber tombs were constructed within cemeteries, as well as how densely the cemeteries were located, was examined. Next, This study undertook a formal classification of the stone chamber tombs by extracting attributes reflecting temporal elements, among the various attributes of stone chamber tombs of the Sabi Period. The stone chamber tombs of the Sabi Period were resultingly classified into 10 types. This study regards that the formal changes of stone chamber tombs of the Sabi Period resulted from new construction techniques, such as the use of door frames and hexagonal type ceilings. Moreover, changes in perceptions of burial were seen to have resulted in the transition from double burials to single burials which was accompanied by the scaling down of the stone chamber. Based on this perspective, three phases were established based on changes in the stone chamber tombs of the Sabi Period. The first phase, which is characterized by the use of opening type door structures and tunnel ceilings, came to an end with the appearance of complete door frames and hexagonal type ceilings. The second phase is characterized by the use of complete door frames and hexagonal type ceilings. The third phase experienced changes in ideas about burial, which led to a scaling down in the real width of the stone chamber. With this, structure simplification occurred in the third phase. Lastly, on the basis of changes in the stone chamber tombs of the Sabi Period and the characteristics of each phase, this study was able to identify that the cemeteries distributed throughout Sabi Capital City were formed at different times, and that they had expanded or had been newly formed with the flow of time. First, this study inferred that cemeteries could have been formed at an early time in cases when their locations were geographically adjacent to the Capital City or were advantageous when travelling by road. Cemeteries located in areas associated with the local power base or which were deemed important prior to the establishment of Sabi Capital City could also be attributed to early dates. Next, this study identified that the expansion of earlier cemeteries and newly formed cemeteries was directly related to the rise of stone chamber tombs. This study proposes that the reformation of the government official ranking system which took place during the reformation of national ruling system during the reign of King Wideok (威德王) provided the background for the rise of stone chamber tombs, since the reformation expanded the ranks that could build stone chamber tombs. Also, aspects of expansion between ridges within the same cemetery and newly formed cemeteries accompanying the rise of stone chamber tombs were inferred to be related to the phenomenon of new clans advancing into the center, as a consequence of the branching of clans based on blood re