청동기시대 성립 전후의 지역 관계망 형성과 변화

Construction and Transformation of the Local Network Before and After the Bronze Age

본고는 한반도와 주변의 광역적 병행관계를 바탕으로, 교류 또는 상호작용 속에서 신석기시대 후·말기〜청동기시대 성립기의 지역 관계망이 변화하는 양상과 배경을 검토한 것이다. 먼저 병행관계와 광역 문화권을 재설정하였는데, 기존에 필자가 다루지 못한 두만강-연해주 일대를 포함하여 광역적 병행관계를 검토하였다. 그리고 동아세아 농렵구를 세분하여 [소흥안령-장백산맥]을 기준으로 이동과 이서로 나누어 검토하였다. 그 결과, 신석기시대 후·말기에는 [장백산맥 이동], [장백산맥 이서(편보문화권, 산동반도 교류권)], [빗살무늬토기문화권]의 광역 문화권으로 나누어지고, 문화권 내에서 혹은 문화권을 넘어 벼, 농경기술 및 상징, 지역 특산품을 매개로 한 광역적 관계망이 형성되었다고 보았다. 청동기시대에 지역문화가 형성되면서 광역문화권에 변화가 발생하는데, [장백산맥 이동]지역은 이전 시기와 양상이 동일하다. 반면, [장백산백 이서]지역은 기존의 산동반도와의 교류양상이 줄어들고, 편보문화권은 다양한 지역문화(요동반도 동안문화, 마성자문화, 고대산문화)로 재편되면서 상호 간에 문화요소를 공유하기도 한다. 이러한 지역 관계망 속에서, [장백산맥 이동]과 [장백산맥 이서(요북지역-요동산지-한반도 서북부)]의 문화요소가 모두 유입되어 한반도 청동기시대 문화가 형성되지만, 후자와 더 많은 관련성이 있음을 확인하였다. 청동기시대 성립기를 전후한 지역 관계망의 변화는, 신석기시대 후·말기에 잡곡농경 또는 쌀을 매개로 한교역 및 교류(전파 포함)가 지역관계 형성의 중심 요인이었다가, 청동기시대에 들어서 교역과 교류와 더불어집단 이주 및 이동이 중심 요인으로 바뀌면서 나타나는 결과로 추정하였다.

The purpose of this study is to review the transformations that took place in the local network from the later and final phases of the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age as a result of exchange or interaction by focusing on the parallel relationship between the Korean Peninsula and surroundings regions. First, the boundaries of ‘wide cultural areas’ were redefined by including the Tumen River and Maritime Province regions, and the wide parallel relationship was then re-examined. Then, the Far East Agriculture Fishing Hunting Region was subdivided into two zones, respectively, located to the east and west of the Hisao Hsingan Ling (小興安嶺)-Changbai Mountains (長白山脈). The research findings illustrate that in the later and final phases of the Neolithic Age, ‘wide cultural areas’ consisted of the zone east of the Changbai Mountains, the zone west of the Changbai Mountains (consisting of the Pianpu (偏堡) cultural area and the Shandong Peninsula exchange area), and Comb-pattern Pottery culture area. Wide networks were established between or within these wide cultural areas through the medium of rice, agricultural technology, symbols and local products. The emergence and growth of local cultures in the Bronze Age resulted in changes in the wide cultural areas. The zone east of the Changbai Mountains experienced little change but exchange with the Shandong Peninsula decreased in the zone west of the Changbai Mountains. In addition, the Pianpu (偏堡) cultural area was reorganized into an assortment of various local cultures, such as the Eastern Coast Culture of the Liaotung Peninsula, the Machengzi Culture (馬城子文化), and the Gaotaishan Culture (高臺山文化), all of which shared common elements. The Bronze Age culture of the Korean Peninsula was formed as elements of the cultures of the zones to the east and west of the Changbai Mountains – the North Liao region, Liaotung mountainous area, and the northwest region of Korean Peninsula in the case of the latter – were introduced into the peninsula; it was however, the western zone that has a greater affinity with the Bronze Age culture of the Korean Peninsula. Transformations in the local network that occurred around the time of the transition to the Bronze Age likely emerged as a result of the exchange of rice and other grain crops; from the advent of the Bronze Age, however, the movement and migration of people, in addition to exchange and trade, came to play a central role in the establishment of local relations.