Objective Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a growth factor used to regulate the mobilization of bone marrow progenitor cells and has been shown to promote brain repair and reduce inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the pro-cognitive and neuroplastic effects of G-CSF in healthy adults. Methods Sixteen healthy adults or donors of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation received G-CSF injections for 5 consecutive days, and their blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 3 weeks after the G-CSF injections. Twelve subjects underwent neuropsychological testing before and 12 weeks after the G-CSF injections. Results The study found that G-CSF administration resulted in significant improvements in cognitive function, as measured by the Rey- Osterrieth Complex Figure test for immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition score at 12 weeks after the injections. The blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-4, and interleukin-8 were significantly increased immediately after the injections and returned to baseline levels after 3 weeks. There was no significant change in the plasma level of Multimer Detection System-oligomerized amyloid beta. Conclusion Our results might suggest that G-CSF has neuroplastic and pro-cognitive effects in healthy adults. However, further study containing a larger sample size is needed to confirm our findings.
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