Effects of a thermoelectric element tourniquet on venipuncture pain and stress relief in Korea: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose: This study developed a thermoelectric element (TEE) tourniquet integrating a tourniquet with a temperature control device capable of delivering heat or cold therapy. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the TEE tourniquet on pain, stress, and satisfaction during venipuncture. Methods: In total, 118 hospitalized adults were randomly assigned to heat therapy (40~45°C), cold therapy (0~10°C), thermal grill illusion therapy (alternating heat and cold), or the control group. The TEE tourniquet was applied 10 cm above the puncture site. A temperature intervention began 5 seconds before cannulation and was maintained during the procedure, typically lasting 10 to 30 seconds. The control group received the TEE tourniquet without temperature activation. Outcomes included perceived pain and stress (numerical rating scale), observed pain (Wong-Baker FACES), SpO2, stress index, and participant satisfaction. Results: Significant differences were found among groups in perceived pain (F = 4.82, p = .003), observed pain (F = 5.50, p = .001), and perceived stress (F = 4.72, p = .004). The heat therapy group reported significantly lower pain and stress than the control group. No significant differences were found in SpO2, the stress index, or satisfaction. Conclusion: Heat therapy via the TEE tourniquet significantly reduced venipuncture-related pain and stress. Given its short application time and usability, this device may serve as a clinically useful nursing intervention to improve comfort during invasive procedures.